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The sour taste of  Citrus  fruits is due to the extreme acidification of vacuoles in juice vesicle cells via a mechanism that remained elusive. Genetic analysis in petunia identified two vacuolar P-ATPases, PH1 and PH5, which determine flower color by hyperacidifying petal cell vacuoles. Here we show that  Citrus  homologs, CitPH1 and CitPH5, are expressed in sour lemon, orange, pummelo and rangpur lime fruits, while their expression is strongly reduced in sweet-tasting “acidless” varieties. Down-regulation of  CitPH1  and  CitPH5  is associated with mutations that disrupt expression of MYB, HLH and/or WRKY transcription factors homologous to those activating  PH1  and  PH5  in petunia. These findings address a long-standing enigma in cell biology and provide targets to engineer or select for taste in  Citrus  and other fruits.

Hyperacidification of Citrus fruits by a vacuolar proton-pumping P-ATPase complex