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One-dimensional (1D) magnetic insulators have attracted significant interestas a platform for studying emergent phenomena such as quasiparticlefractionalization and quantum criticality. The antiferromagnetic Heisenbergchain of spins-1/2 is an important reference system; its elementary excitationsare spin-1/2 quasiparticles called spinons that are always created in pairs.However, while inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments routinely observethe excitation continuum associated with two-spinon states, the presence ofmore complex dynamics associated with four-spinon states has only been inferredfrom comparison with theory. Here, we show that resonant inelastic x-rayscattering (RIXS) is capable of accessing the four-spinon excitations directly,in a spectroscopic region separated from the two-spinon continuum. Our resultsprovide the first direct measurement of four-spinon excitations, which is madepossible by the fundamentally different correlation functions probed by RIXScompared to INS. This advance holds great promise as a tool in the search fornovel quantum states, in particular quantum spin liquids.

Direct observation of multi-spinon excitations outside of the two-spinon continuum in the antiferromagnetic spin chain cuprate Sr2CuO3