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To balance immunity and tolerance, the endogenous pool of Foxp3 +  regulatory T (T reg ) cells is tightly controlled, but the underlying mechanisms of this control remain poorly understood. Here we show that the number of T reg  cells is negatively regulated by the kinase Lkb1 in dendritic cells (DCs). Conditional knockout of the  Lkb1  gene in DCs leads to excessive T reg  cell expansion in multiple organs and dampens antigen-specific T cell immunity. Lkb1-deficient DCs are capable of enhancing, compared with wild-type DCs, T reg  cell proliferation via cell-cell contact involving the IKK/IKBα-independent activation of the NF-κB/OX40L pathway. Intriguingly, treating wild-type mice with lipopolysaccharide selectively depletes Lkb1 protein in DCs, resulting in T reg  cell expansion and suppressed inflammatory injury upon subsequent challenge. Loss of Lkb1 does not obviously upregulate proinflammatory molecules expression on DCs. We thus identify Lkb1 as a regulatory switch in DCs for controlling T reg  cell homeostasis, immune response and tolerance.

Control of Treg cell homeostasis and immune equilibrium by Lkb1 in dendritic cells