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Unilateral cross-incompatibility (UCI) is a unidirectional inter/intra-population reproductive barrier when both parents are self-compatible. Maize  Gametophyte factor1  ( Ga1 ) is an intraspecific UCI system and has been utilized in breeding. However, the mechanism underlying maize UCI specificity has remained mysterious for decades. Here, we report the cloning of  ZmGa1P , a pollen-expressed  PECTIN METHYLESTERASE  ( PME ) gene at the  Ga1  locus that can confer the male function in the maize UCI system. Homozygous transgenic plants expressing  ZmGa1P  in a  ga1  background can fertilize  Ga1-S  plants and can be fertilized by pollen of  ga1  plants. ZmGa1P protein is predominantly localized to the apex of growing pollen tubes and may interact with another pollen-specific PME protein, ZmPME10-1, to maintain the state of pectin methylesterification required for pollen tube growth in  Ga1-S  silks. Our study discloses a PME-mediated UCI mechanism and provides a tool to manipulate hybrid breeding.

A PECTIN METHYLESTERASE gene at the maize Ga1 locus confers male function in unilateral cross-incompatibility