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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective in treating recurrent  Clostridium difficile  infection (CDI). Bacterial colonization in recipients after FMT has been studied, but little is known about the role of the gut fungal community, or mycobiota. Here, we show evidence of gut fungal dysbiosis in CDI, and that donor-derived fungal colonization in recipients is associated with FMT response. CDI is accompanied by over-representation of  Candida albicans  and decreased fungal diversity, richness, and evenness. Cure after FMT is associated with increased colonization of donor-derived fungal taxa in recipients. Recipients of successful FMT (“responders”) display, after FMT, a high relative abundance of  Saccharomyces  and  Aspergillus , whereas “nonresponders” and individuals treated with antibiotics display a dominant presence of  Candida . High abundance of  C. albicans  in donor stool also correlates with reduced FMT efficacy. Furthermore,  C. albicans  reduces FMT efficacy in a mouse model of CDI, while antifungal treatment reestablishes its efficacy, supporting a potential causal relationship between gut fungal dysbiosis and FMT outcome.

Gut fungal dysbiosis correlates with reduced efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection