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Dodders ( Cuscuta  spp., Convolvulaceae) are root- and leafless parasitic plants. The physiology, ecology, and evolution of these obligate parasites are poorly understood. A high-quality reference genome of  Cuscuta australis  was assembled. Our analyses reveal that  Cuscuta  experienced accelerated molecular evolution, and  Cuscuta  and the convolvulaceous morning glory ( Ipomoea ) shared a common whole-genome triplication event before their divergence.  C. australis  genome harbors 19,671 protein-coding genes, and importantly, 11.7% of the conserved orthologs in autotrophic plants are lost in  C. australis . Many of these gene loss events likely result from its parasitic lifestyle and the massive changes of its body plan. Moreover, comparison of the gene expression patterns in  Cuscuta  prehaustoria/haustoria and various tissues of closely related autotrophic plants suggests that  Cuscuta  haustorium formation requires mostly genes normally involved in root development. The  C. australis  genome provides important resources for studying the evolution of parasitism, regressive evolution, and evo-devo in plant parasites.

Large-scale gene losses underlie the genome evolution of parasitic plant Cuscuta australis