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Glutarate is a five carbon platform chemical produced during the catabolism of  l -lysine. It is known that it can be catabolized through the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenation pathway. Here, we discover that  Pseudomonas putida  KT2440 has an additional glutarate catabolic pathway involving  l -2-hydroxyglutarate ( l -2-HG), an abnormal metabolite produced from 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG). In this pathway, CsiD, a Fe 2+ /2-KG-dependent glutarate hydroxylase, is capable of converting glutarate into  l- 2-HG, and LhgO, an  l- 2-HG oxidase, can catalyze  l- 2-HG into 2-KG. We construct a recombinant strain that lacks both glutarate catabolic pathways. It can produce glutarate from  l -lysine with a yield of 0.85 mol glutarate/mol  l -lysine. Thus,  l- 2-HG anabolism and catabolism is a metabolic alternative to the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenation pathway in  P. putida  KT2440;  l -lysine can be both ketogenic and glucogenic.

Increased glutarate production by blocking the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenation pathway and a catabolic pathway involving l-2-hydroxyglutarate