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Hox  gene transcription factors are important regulators of positional identity along the anterior–posterior axis in bilaterian animals. Cnidarians (e.g., sea anemones, corals, and hydroids) are the sister group to the Bilateria and possess genes related to both anterior and central/posterior class  Hox  genes. Here we report a previously unrecognized domain of  Hox  expression in the starlet sea anemone,  Nematostella vectensis , beginning at early blastula stages. We explore the relationship of two opposing  Hox  genes ( NvAx6 / NvAx1 ) expressed on each side of the blastula during early development. Functional perturbation reveals that  NvAx6  and  NvAx1  not only regulate their respective expression domains, but also interact with Wnt genes to pattern the entire oral–aboral axis. These findings suggest an ancient link between  Hox /Wnt patterning during axis formation and indicate that oral–aboral domains are likely established during blastula formation in anthozoan cnidarians.

Hox and Wnt pattern the primary body axis of an anthozoan cnidarian before gastrulation