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The nuclear shell structure, which originates in the nearly independentmotion of nucleons in an average potential, provides an important guide for ourunderstanding of nuclear structure and the underlying nuclear forces. Its mostremarkable fingerprint is the existence of the so-called `magic numbers' ofprotons and neutrons associated with extra stability. Although the introductionof a phenomenological spin-orbit (SO) coupling force in 1949 helped explain thenuclear magic numbers, its origins are still open questions. Here, we presentexperimental evidence for the smallest SO-originated magic number (subshellclosure) at the proton number 6 in 13-20C obtained from systematic analysis ofpoint-proton distribution radii, electromagnetic transition rates and atomicmasses of light nuclei. Performing ab initio calculations on 14,15C, we showthat the observed proton distribution radii and subshell closure can beexplained by the state-of-the-art nuclear theory with chiral nucleon-nucleonand three-nucleon forces, which are rooted in the quantum chromodynamics.

Evidence for Z=6 `magic number' in neutron-rich carbon isotopes