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In fruit flies, the male-specific  fruitless  ( fru ) gene product FruBM plays a central role in establishing the neural circuitry for male courtship behavior by orchestrating the transcription of genes required for the male-type specification of individual neurons. We herein identify the core promoter recognition factor gene  Trf2  as a dominant modifier of  fru  actions.  Trf2  knockdown in the sexually dimorphic mAL neurons leads to the loss of a male-specific neurite and a reduction in male courtship vigor. TRF2 forms a repressor complex with FruBM, strongly enhancing the repressor activity of FruBM at the promoter region of the  robo1  gene, whose function is required for inhibiting the male-specific neurite formation. In females that lack FruBM, TRF2 stimulates  robo1  transcription. Our results suggest that TRF2 switches its own role from an activator to a repressor of transcription upon binding to FruBM, thereby enabling the ipsilateral neurite formation only in males.

The core-promoter factor TRF2 mediates a Fruitless action to masculinize neurobehavioral traits in Drosophila