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One of the most interesting predictions resulting from quantum physics, isthe violation of classical symmetries, collectively referred to as anomalies. Aremarkable class of anomalies occurs when the continuous scale symmetry of ascale free quantum system is broken into a discrete scale symmetry for acritical value of a control parameter. This is an example of a (zerotemperature) quantum phase transition. Such an anomaly takes place for thequantum inverse square potential known to describe 'Efimov physics'. Brokencontinuous scale symmetry into discrete scale symmetry also appears for acharged and massless Dirac fermion in an attractive $1/r$ Coulomb potential.The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the universality of this quantumphase transition and to present convincing experimental evidence of itsexistence for a charged and massless fermion in an attractive Coulomb potentialas realised in graphene.

Observing a scale anomaly and a universal quantum phase transition in graphene