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Animals execute one particular behavior among many others in a context-dependent manner, yet the mechanisms underlying such behavioral choice remain poorly understood. Here we studied how two fundamental behaviors, sex and sleep, interact at genetic and neuronal levels in  Drosophila . We show that an increased need for sleep inhibits male sexual behavior by decreasing the activity of the male-specific P1 neurons that coexpress the sex determination genes  fru    M   and  dsx , but does not affect female sexual behavior. Further, we delineate a sex-specific neuronal circuit wherein the P1 neurons encoding increased courtship drive suppressed male sleep by forming mutually excitatory connections with the  fru    M  -positive sleep-controlling DN1 neurons. In addition, we find that FRU M  regulates male courtship and sleep through distinct neural substrates. These studies reveal the genetic and neuronal basis underlying the sex-specific interaction between sleep and sexual behaviors in  Drosophila , and provide insights into how competing behaviors are co-regulated.

Genetic and neuronal mechanisms governing the sex-specific interaction between sleep and sexual behaviors in Drosophila