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Peach is a typical climacteric fruit that releases ethylene during fruit ripening. Several studies have been conducted on the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in peach fruit. Herein, an ethylene response factor, PpERF.A16, which was induced by exogenous ethylene, could enhance ethylene biosynthesis by directly inducing the expression of  1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase  ( PpACS1 ) and  1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase  ( PpACO1 ) genes. Moreover, the NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor (TF)  PpNAC.A59  was coexpressed with  PpERF.A16  in all tested peach cultivars. Interestingly, PpNAC.A59 can directly interact with the promoter of  PpERF.A16  to induce its expression but not enhance  LUC  activity driven by any promoter of  PpACS1  or  PpACO1 . Thus, PpNAC.A59 can indirectly mediate ethylene biosynthesis via the NAC-ERF signaling cascade to induce the expression of both  PpACS1  and  PpACO1 . These results enrich the genetic network of fruit ripening in peach and provide new insight into the ripening mechanism of other perennial fruits.

The NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 transcription factor PpNAC.A59 enhances PpERF.A16 expression to promote ethylene biosynthesis during peach fruit ripening