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Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase  ( HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in  Taraxacum antungense . Therefore, using the  TaHQT2  gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor,  TabHLH1 , was identified that shared substantial homology with  Gynura bicolor  DC  bHLH1 . The  TabHLH1  transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in  TabHLH1 -overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of  TabHLH1  in  T. antungense  significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially  TaHQT2 , 4-coumarate-CoA ligase ( Ta4CL ), chalcone isomerase ( TaCHI ), and flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase ( TaF3 ′ H ). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of  proTaHQT2  and  proTa4CL . This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in  T. antungense  and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis.

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag