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Bamboo is known for its edible shoots and beautiful texture and has considerable economic and ornamental value. Unique among traditional flowering plants, many bamboo plants undergo extensive synchronized flowering followed by large-scale death, seriously affecting the productivity and application of bamboo forests. To date, the molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering characteristics has remained unknown. In this study, a  SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1  ( SOC1 )-like gene,  BoMADS50 , was identified from  Bambusa oldhamii .  BoMADS50  was highly expressed in mature leaves and the floral primordium formation period during  B. oldhamii  flowering and overexpression of  BoMADS50  caused early flowering in transgenic rice. Moreover, BoMADS50 could interact with APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL)-like proteins (BoMADS14-1/2, BoMADS15-1/2) in vivo, and the expression of  BoMADS50  was significantly promoted by BoMADS14-1, further indicating a synergistic effect between BoMADS50 and BoAP1/FUL-like proteins in regulating  B. oldhamii  flowering. We also identified four additional transcripts of  BoMADS50  ( BoMADS50-1/2/3/4 ) with different nucleotide variations. Although the protein-CDS were polymorphic, they had flowering activation functions similar to those of  BoMADS50 . Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays subsequently showed that both  BoMADS50  and  BoMADS50-1  bind to the promoter fragment of itself and the  SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE  ( SVP )-like gene  BoSVP , but only  BoMADS50-1  can positively induce their transcription. Therefore, nucleotide variations likely endow  BoMADS50-1  with strong regulatory activity. Thus,  BoMADS50  and  BoMADS50-1/2/3/4  are probably important positive flowering regulators in  B. oldhamii . Moreover, the functional conservatism and specificity of  BoMADS50  and  BoMADS50-1  might be related to the synchronized and sporadic flowering characteristics of  B. oldhamii .

The SOC1-like gene BoMADS50 is associated with the flowering of Bambusa oldhamii