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Triterpenoid saponins (TSs) are common plant defense phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical properties.  Platycodon grandiflorus  (Campanulaceae) has been traditionally used to treat bronchitis and asthma in East Asia. The oleanane-type TSs, platycosides, are a major component of the  P. grandiflorus  root extract. Recent studies show that platycosides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer, antiviral, and antiallergy properties. However, the evolutionary history of platycoside biosynthesis genes remains unknown. In this study, we sequenced the genome of  P. grandiflorus  and investigated the genes involved in platycoside biosynthesis. The draft genome of  P. grandiflorus  is 680.1 Mb long and contains 40,017 protein-coding genes. Genomic analysis revealed that the  CYP716  family genes play a major role in platycoside oxidation. The  CYP716  gene family of  P. grandiflorus  was much larger than that of other Asterid species. Orthologous gene annotation also revealed the expansion of  β-amyrin synthases  ( bASs ) in  P. grandiflorus , which was confirmed by tissue-specific gene expression. In these expanded gene families, we identified key genes showing preferential expression in roots and association with platycoside biosynthesis. In addition, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing showed that  CYP716  and  bAS  genes are hypomethylated in  P. grandiflorus , suggesting that epigenetic modification of these two gene families affects platycoside biosynthesis. Thus whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome data of  P. grandiflorus  provide novel insights into the regulation of platycoside biosynthesis by  CYP716  and  bAS  gene families.

horticulture research

Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant