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MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 have been demonstrated to be responsible for lignin accumulation in apple under drought stress. In this study, using a metabolomic approach, we identified differentially accumulated phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolites in  MdMYB88/124  transgenic RNAi plants under control and long-term drought stress conditions in apple roots. We confirmed the regulation of phenylalanine by MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 via UPLC-MS in apple roots under both control and drought conditions. Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and ChIP-quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, we found that MdMYB88 positively regulates the MdCM2 gene, which is responsible for phenylalanine biosynthesis, through binding to its promoter region. Under long-term drought conditions,  MdMYB88/124  RNAi plants consistently accumulated increased amounts of H 2 O 2  and MDA, while  MdMYB88  and  MdMYB124  overexpression plants accumulated decreased amounts of H 2 O 2  and MDA. We also examined the accumulation of metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in the leaves of  MdMYB88  and  MdMYB124  transgenic apple plants after long-term drought stress. We found that metabolites responsible for plant defense, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, accumulated less in the RNAi plants but more in the overexpression plants under both control and drought conditions. We further demonstrated that  MdMYB88/124  RNAi plants were more sensitive to  Alternaria alternata  f. sp.  mali  and  Valsa mali , two pathogens that currently severely threaten apple production. In contrast,  MdMYB88  and  MdMYB124  overexpression plants were more tolerant to these pathogens. The cumulative results of this study provided evidence for secondary metabolite regulation by MdMYB88 and MdMYB124, further explained the molecular roles of MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 in drought resistance, and provided information concerning molecular aspects of their roles in disease resistance.

Regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 contributes to pathogen and drought resistance in apple