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Akebia trifoliata  subsp.  australis  is a well-known medicinal and potential woody oil plant in China. The limited genetic information available for  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis  has hindered its exploitation. Here, a high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis  is reported. The  de novo  genome assembly of 682.14 Mb was generated with a scaffold N50 of 43.11 Mb. The genome includes 25,598 protein-coding genes, and 71.18% (485.55 Mb) of the assembled sequences were identified as repetitive sequences. An ongoing massive burst of long terminal repeat (LTR) insertions, which occurred ~1.0 million years ago, has contributed a large proportion of LTRs in the genome of  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis . Phylogenetic analysis shows that  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis  is closely related to  Aquilegia coerulea  and forms a clade with  Papaver somniferum  and  Nelumbo nucifera , which supports the well-established hypothesis of a close relationship between basal eudicot species. The expansion of  UDP-glucoronosyl  and  UDP-glucosyl transferase  gene families and  β-amyrin synthase-like  genes and the exclusive contraction of  terpene synthase  gene families may be responsible for the abundant oleanane-type triterpenoids in  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis . Furthermore, the  acyl-ACP desaturase  gene family, including 12  stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase  ( SAD ) genes, has expanded exclusively. A combined transcriptome and fatty-acid analysis of seeds at five developmental stages revealed that homologs of SADs, acyl-lipid desaturase omega fatty acid desaturases (FADs), and oleosins were highly expressed, consistent with the rapid increase in the content of fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. The genomic sequences of  A. trifoliata  subsp.  australis  will be a valuable resource for comparative genomic analyses and molecular breeding.

horticulture research

Insights into triterpene synthesis and unsaturated fatty-acid accumulation provided by chromosomal-level genome analysis of Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis