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Ethylene-responsive element binding factors (ERFs) are involved in regulation of various stress responses in plants, but their biological functions in waterlogging stress are largely unclear. In this study, we identified a petunia ( Petunia  ×  hybrida ) ERF gene,  PhERF2 , that was significantly induced by waterlogging in wild-type (WT). To study the regulatory role of  PhERF2  in waterlogging responses, transgenic petunia plants with RNAi silencing and overexpression of  PhERF2  were generated. Compared with WT plants,  PhERF2  silencing compromised the tolerance of petunia seedlings to waterlogging, shown as 96% mortality after 4 days waterlogging and 14 days recovery, while overexpression of  PhERF2  improved the survival of seedlings subjected to waterlogging.  PhERF2 -RNAi lines exhibited earlier and more severe leaf chlorosis and necrosis than WT, whereas plants overexpressing  PhERF2  showed promoted growth vigor under waterlogging. Chlorophyll content was dramatically lower in  PhERF2 -silenced plants than WT or overexpression plants. Typical characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD), DNA condensation, and moon-shaped nuclei were only observed in  PhERF2 -overexpressing lines but not in  PhERF2 -RNAi or control lines. Furthermore, transcript abundances of the alcoholic fermentation-related genes  ADH1-1 ,  ADH1-2 ,  ADH1-3 ,  PDC1 , and  PDC2  were reduced in  PhERF2 -silenced plants, but increased in  PhERF2 -overexpressing plants following exposure to 12-h waterlogging. In contrast, expression of the lactate fermentation-related gene  LDH  was up-regulated in  PhERF2 -silenced plants, but down-regulated in its overexpressing plants. Moreover, PhERF2 was observed to directly bind to the  ADH1-2  promoter bearing ATCTA motifs. Our results demonstrate that  PhERF2  contributes to petunia waterlogging tolerance through modulation of PCD and alcoholic fermentation system.

PhERF2, an ethylene-responsive element binding factor, plays an essential role in waterlogging tolerance of petunia