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We previously reported  18 FPRGD 2  uptake by the coxofemoral lining, intervertebral discs and facet joint osteophytes in OA using PET/SCAN imaging. However, the molecular mechanism by which the PRGD 2  tracer interacts with joint tissues and osteophytes in OA remains unclear. As PRGD 2  ligands are expected to belong to the RGD-specific integrin family, the purpose of this study was (i) to determine which integrin complexes display the highest affinity for PRGD2-based ligands, (ii) to analyze integrin expression in relevant tissues, and (iii) to test integrin regulation in chondrocytes using OA-related stimuli to increase the levels of fibrosis and ossification markers. To this end, the affinity of PRGD 2 -based ligands for five heterodimeric integrins was measured by competition with  125 I-echistatin. In situ analyses were performed in human normal vs. OA cartilage and spinal osteophytes. Osteophytes were characterized by (immuno-)histological staining. Integrin subunit expression was tested in chondrocytes undergoing dedifferentiation, osteogenic differentiation, and inflammatory stimulation. The integrins α V β 5 , α V β 3 , and α V β 6  presented the highest affinity for PRGD 2 -based ligands. In situ, the expression of these integrins was significantly increased in OA compared to normal cartilage. Within osteophytes, the mean integrin expression score was significantly higher in blood vessels, fibrous areas, and cells from the bone lining than in osteocytes and cartilaginous zones. In vitro, the levels of integrin subunits were significantly increased during chondrocyte dedifferentiation (except for β 6 ), fibrosis, and osteogenic differentiation as well as under inflammatory stimuli. In conclusion, anatomical zones (such as OA cartilage, intervertebral discs, and facet joint osteophytes) previously reported to show PRGD 2  ligand uptake in vivo expressed increased levels of α V β 5 , α V β 3 , and β 6  integrins, whose subunits are modulated in vitro by OA-associated conditions that increase fibrosis, inflammation, and osteogenic differentiation. These results suggest that the increased levels of integrins in OA compared to normal tissues favor PRGD2 uptake and might explain the molecular mechanism of OA imaging using the PRGD 2 -based ligand PET/CT.

Toward diagnostic relevance of the αVβ5, αVβ3, and αVβ6 integrins in OA: expression within human cartilage and spinal osteophytes