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Objectives/aims  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints, including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Early diagnosis and treatment can alleviate symptoms and prevent progression. Predictors for disease outcome in individuals at risk for RA are therefore valuable. While limited information is available on the prevalence of TMJ involvement in early RA, previous studies suggest that RA, periodontitis and the oral microbiome are interrelated. Predictive factors for RA development may thus be present in the oral cavity. Our two aims are: (1) to assess the prevalence of TMJ involvement in early RA, and (2) to investigate the predictive value of oral factors in RA development.    Materials and methods  We will include 150 individuals in this multi-center, prospective cohort study: 50 patients with early RA, 50 at-risk individuals, and 50 healthy controls. At baseline, the TMJ, periodontal health, and the oral microbiome will be examined. The general health will be followed over time, on four occasions up to 3 years.    Discussion  Our results will provide insight into the prevalence and clinical characterization of TMJ involvement in early RA. For at-risk individuals, oral factors can be studied as possible predictors for the development of RA.

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Temporomandibular joint function, periodontal health, and oral microbiome in early rheumatoid arthritis and at-risk individuals: a prospective cohort study protocol