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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood with a strong genetic component. Despite the success of mapping ADHD risk loci, little work has been done to experimentally verify the contribution of these loci to ADHD phenotypes. Meta-analysis of four genome-wide association studies in ADHD suggested  CHMP7  as a predisposing gene for ADHD. A DNA variant (rs2294123) mapped to  CHMP7  has been shown (via bioinformatic analysis) to have a high likelihood for functionality and correlate with reduced transcript levels. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate a  chmp7  zebrafish model for ADHD.  chmp7   +/−   fish showed comparable reductions in mRNA levels to individuals homozygous for the  CHMP7  ADHD risk allele. These fish displayed significant hyperactivity over a 24-h period at 6 days post-fertilisation compared to  chmp7   +/+  , but this effect did not persist into juvenile and adulthood stages. In addition,  chmp7   +/−   fish had significantly smaller total brain volumes than  chmp7   +/+   fish. Finally, the hyperactivity at 6 days post-fertilisation was significantly reduced through the application of methylphenidate, a mainstay pharmacological treatment for ADHD. Overall, this study highlights an important role for  CHMP7  in the neurodevelopment of ADHD, and demonstrates the utility of zebrafish for modelling the functional effects of genes conferring risk to ADHD.

Functional validation of CHMP7 as an ADHD risk gene