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Cancer cells are characterized by the Warburg effect, a shift from mitochondrial respiration to oxidative glycolysis. We report here the crucial role of cyclin D1 in promoting this effect in a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6-independent manner in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We show that the cyclin D1 oncoprotein targets hexokinase 2 (HK2), a major glycolysis regulator, through two original molecular mechanisms in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. In the cytoplasm, cyclin D1 binds HK2 at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and in the nucleus, it binds hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), which regulates  HK2  gene transcription. We also show that high levels of  HK2  expression are correlated with shorter event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in MM patients. HK2 may therefore be considered as a possible target for antimyeloma therapy.

Cyclin D1 targets hexokinase 2 to control aerobic glycolysis in myeloma cells