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While the Gleason score is the most important prognostic marker for prostatecancer patients, it suffers from significant observer variability. ArtificialIntelligence (AI) systems, based on deep learning, have proven to achievepathologist-level performance at Gleason grading. However, the performance ofsuch systems can degrade in the presence of artifacts, foreign tissue, or otheranomalies. Pathologists integrating their expertise with feedback from an AIsystem could result in a synergy that outperforms both the individualpathologist and the system. Despite the hype around AI assistance, existingliterature on this topic within the pathology domain is limited. Weinvestigated the value of AI assistance for grading prostate biopsies. A panelof fourteen observers graded 160 biopsies with and without AI assistance. UsingAI, the agreement of the panel with an expert reference standard significantlyincreased (quadratically weighted Cohen's kappa, 0.799 vs 0.872; p=0.018). Ourresults show the added value of AI systems for Gleason grading, but moreimportantly, show the benefits of pathologist-AI synergy.

Artificial Intelligence Assistance Significantly Improves Gleason Grading of Prostate Biopsies by Pathologists