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Photonics integrated circuitry would benefit considerably from the ability toarbitrarily control waveguide cross-sections with high precision and low loss,in order to provide more degrees of freedom in manipulating propagating light.Here, we report a new method for femtosecond laser writing ofoptical-fibre-compatible glass waveguides, namely spherical phase inducedmulti-core waveguide (SPIM-WG), which addresses this challenging task withthree dimensional on-chip light control. Fabricating in the heating regime withhigh scanning speed, precise deformation of cross-sections is still achievablealong the waveguide, with shapes and sizes finely controllable of highresolution in both horizontal and vertical transversal directions. We observedthat these waveguides have high refractive index contrast of 0.017, lowpropagation loss of 0.14 dB/cm, and very low coupling loss of 0.19 dB coupledfrom a single mode fibre. SPIM-WG devices were easily fabricated that were ableto perform on-chip beam rotation through varying angles, or manipulatepolarization state of propagating light for target wavelengths. We alsodemonstrated SPIM-WG mode converters that provide arbitrary adiabatic modeconversion with high efficiency between symmetric and asymmetric non-uniformmodes; examples include circular, elliptical modes and asymmetric modes fromppKTP (periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate) waveguides which aregenerally applied in frequency conversion and quantum light sources. Createdinside optical glass, these waveguides and devices have the capability tooperate across ultra-broad bands from visible to infrared wavelengths. Thecompatibility with optical fibre also paves the way toward packaged photonicintegrated circuitry, which usually needs input and output fibre connections.

On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections