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Objective:  Weight regain following intentional weight loss may negatively impact body composition, accelerating fat regain and increasing risk of physical disability. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term changes in whole body and thigh composition in obese older adults who intentionally lost and then partially regained weight to obese older adults who remained weight stable.    Subjects/Methods:  This pilot study analyzed total body (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) and thigh (computed tomography (CT)) composition data collected from 24 older (65–79 years) adults 18 months after completion of a 5-month randomized trial that compared resistance training alone (RT) with RT plus caloric restriction (RT+CR).    Results:  Mean loss of body mass in the RT+CR group ( n= 13) was 7.1±2.4 kg during the 5-month intervention (74% fat mass; 26% lean mass; all  P< 0.01), whereas RT ( n= 11) remained weight stable (+0.3±1.8 kg;  P= 0.64). Differential group effects were observed for all DXA and CT body composition measures at 5 months (all  P ⩽0.01); however, by 23 months, group differences persisted only for total body (RT+CR: 81.6±10.0 kg vs RT: 88.5±14.9 kg;  P= 0.03) and lean (RT+CR: 50.8±9.3 kg vs RT: 54.4±12.0 kg;  P< 0.01) mass. All RT+CR participants regained weight from 5 to 23 months (mean gain=+4.8±2.6 kg;  P< 0.01). Total fat mass and all thigh fat volumes increased, whereas thigh muscle volume decreased, during the postintervention follow-up in RT+CR (all  P ⩽0.01). In the RT group, body mass did not change from 5 to 23 months (−0.2±0.9 kg;  P= 0.87). Decreased total thigh volume, driven by the loss of thigh muscle volume, were the only postintervention body composition changes observed in the RT group (both  P< 0.04).    Conclusions:  Short-term body composition benefits of an RT+CR intervention may be lost within 18 months after completion of the intervention.

Legacy effects of short-term intentional weight loss on total body and thigh composition in overweight and obese older adults