English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia. The male-to-female transmission is stronger than the reverse, so the carrier proportion of women is greater than that of men. On the other hand, since the mother-to-child transmission route via the breast-feeding is common for baby boys and girls, it has been thought the HTLV-I proportions of boys and girls are the same until now. A question arises as to whether the ‘innate protection powers against human virus’ are the same between males and females. We utilize HTLV-I infection blood donor data in 1995-1998 and case data of main infectious diseases such as influenza, mumps, herpangina, hand-hoot-and-mouse disease, chicken pox, etc. Blood donor data in 1995-1998, which were provided by Japan Red Cross Society of Oita, Japan, are summarized into the frequency table with respect to gender and age. The age groups are   50 years old. The comparison of carrier proportions of males and females under 20 years old is made with a two-sided statistical test and for the other groups one-sided tests are carried out. In case data published from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, comparisons of the incidence rates of males and females in infectious diseases are carried out with two-sided tests. The present paper shows that the HTLV-I carrier proportion of girls is less than that that of boys. It implies that in HTLV-I the mother-to-child transmission probability of females is less than that of males. With respect to the other main infectious diseases, the majority of cases are under twenty years old, and the incidence rates of females are also significantly less than those of males. According to the present findings, it follows that the female’s innate protection power against HTLV-I is stronger than that of males, and the conclusion may become a valid proposition for general human virus.

nature precedings

Is the innate bio-protection power against human virus the same between males and females? A conclusion based on blood donor data of HTLV-I infection and case data of infectious diseases