English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Mucosal immunity distinguishes not only different m icrobial antigens but also separates those of patho gens from those of commensals. How this is done is unkno wn. The present view is that the pathogen/commensal determination of antigens depends upon as yet to be discovered molecular patterns. Here I review the b iological feasibility that it also involves the detection of the invasive differences in their motility towards the gut wall when they are sampled by differently biased methods . By their nature, pathogens and commensals have diff rent motility – invasive and noninvasive – in rega rd to the epithelium. The immune system is in a position to d etect such motility differences. This biological op p rtunity arises since different microbe sampling methods can “ tch” different groups of microbes depending upo n h w their motility interacts with the epithelium. A bio logical method biased to sample those with invasive motility— pathogens—could be achieved by ‘honey pot traps’ th at preferentially (but not exclusively) sample micr obes that have a taxis to breaches in the epithelium. A biological method biased to sample those that are noninvasive—commensals—could be done by capturing m icrobes that are passively and stably residing in t he biofilm “offshore” of the epithelium. Such differen tial sampling strategies would seem to relate to th ose carried out respectively by (i) M-cells (working with subep ithelial dome dendritic cells), and (ii) suband i traepithelial dendritic cells. The interactions of antigen presentation can be arr anged so that the immune system links antigens from biased microbial sampling with pathogenic or commensal app ro riate immune responses. Such immune classificati on could feasibly occur biologically through a winnertake-all competition between inhibiting and activat ing antigen presentation. Winner-takes-all types of pro cessing classification are already known to underli e the biologically interactions between neurons that clas sify sensory inputs making it also plausible that t ey are exploited by the immune system. In pathogen identif ication, M-cell antigens would be activating and bi ofilm antigens inhibitory, and vise versa for commensal i dentification. This winner-take-all competition bet w en antigen presentation would act to amplify small sta ti tical biases in the two samples linked to invasiveness/noninvasiveness into a reliable pathog en/commensal distinction. This process would both complement, and acts as independent guarantor, upon the alternative pathogenicity/commensality recogni tio provided by molecular pattern recognition.

nature precedings

How gut sampling and microbial invasiveness/noninvasiveness provides mucosal immunity with a nonmolecular pattern means to distinguish commensals from pathogens: A review