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Current research on micro-mechanical resonators strives for quantum-limiteddetection of the motion of macroscopic objects. Prerequisite to this goal isthe observation of measurement backaction consistent with quantum metrologylimits. However, thermal noise presently dominates measurements and precludesground-state preparation of the resonator. Here we establish the collectivemotion of an ultracold atomic gas confined tightly within a Fabry-Perot opticalcavity as a system for investigating the quantum mechanics of macroscopicbodies. The cavity-mode structure selects a single collective vibrational modethat is measured by the cavity's optical properties, actuated by the cavityoptical field, and subject to backaction by the quantum force fluctuations ofthis field. Experimentally, we quantify such fluctuations by measuring thecavity-light-induced heating of the intracavity atomic ensemble. Thesemeasurements represent the first observation of backaction on a macroscopicmechanical resonator at the standard quantum limit.

Observation of quantum-measurement backaction with an ultracold atomic gas