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Conventionally ordered magnets possess bosonic elementary excitations, calledmagnons. By contrast, no magnetic insulators in more than one dimension areknown whose excitations are not bosons but fermions. Theoretically, somequantum spin liquids (QSLs) -- new topological phases which can occur whenquantum fluctuations preclude an ordered state -- are known to exhibit Majoranafermions as quasiparticles arising from fractionalization of spins. Alas,despite much searching, their experimental observation remains elusive. Here,we show that fermionic excitations are remarkably directly evident inexperimental Raman scattering data across a broad energy and temperature rangein the two-dimensional material $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$. This shows the importance ofmagnetic materials as hosts of Majorana fermions. In turn, this firstsystematic evaluation of the dynamics of a QSL at finite temperature emphasizesthe role of excited states for detecting such exotic properties associated withotherwise hard-to-identify topological QSLs.

Fermionic response from fractionalization in an insulating two-dimensional magnet