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Superconductivity and ferromagnetism are antagonistic forms of order, andrarely coexist. Many interesting new phenomena occur, however, in hybridsuperconducting/ferromagnetic systems. For example, a Josephson junctioncontaining a ferromagnetic material can exhibit an intrinsic phase shift of piin its ground state for certain thicknesses of the material. Such"pi-junctions" were first realized experimentally in 2001, and have beenproposed as circuit elements for both high-speed classical superconductingcomputing and for quantum computing. Here we demonstrate experimentally thatthe phase state of a Josephson junction containing two ferromagnetic layers canbe toggled between 0 and pi by changing the relative orientation of the twomagnetizations. These controllable 0-pi junctions have immediate applicationsin cryogenic memory where they serve as a necessary component to an ultra-lowpower superconducting computer. Such a fully superconducting computer isestimated to be orders of magnitude more energy-efficient than currentsemiconductor-based supercomputers. Phase controllable junctions also open upnew possibilities for superconducting circuit elements such as superconducting"programmable logic," where they could function in superconducting analogs tofield-programmable gate arrays.

Controllable 0-pi Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve