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More than 30 years ago, Thouless introduced the concept of a topologicalcharge pump that would enable the robust transport of charge through anadiabatic cyclic evolution of the underlying Hamiltonian. In contrast toclassical transport, the transported charge was shown to be quantized andpurely determined by the topology of the pump cycle, making it robust toperturbations. On a fundamental level, the quantized charge transport can beconnected to a topological invariant, the Chern number, first introduced in thecontext of the integer quantum Hall effect. A Thouless quantum pump maytherefore be regarded as a 'dynamical' version of the integer quantum Halleffect. Here, we report on the realization of such a topological charge pumpusing ultracold bosonic atoms that form a Mott insulator in a dynamicallycontrolled optical superlattice potential. By taking in-situ images of the atomcloud, we observe a quantized deflection per pump cycle. We reveal the genuinequantum nature of the pump by showing that, in contrast to ground stateparticles, a counterintuitive reversed deflection occurs when particles areprepared in the first excited band. Furthermore, we were able to directlydemonstrate that the system undergoes a controlled topological phase transitionin higher bands when tuning the superlattice parameters.

A Thouless Quantum Pump with Ultracold Bosonic Atoms in an Optical Superlattice