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Complex networks from such different fields as biology, technology orsociology share similar organization principles. The possibility of a uniquegrowth mechanism promises to uncover universal origins of collective behaviour.In particular, the emergence of self-similarity in complex networks raises thefundamental question of the growth process according to which these structuresevolve. Here we investigate the concept of renormalization as a mechanism forthe growth of fractal and non-fractal modular networks. We show that the keyprinciple that gives rise to the fractal architecture of networks is a strongeffective 'repulsion' (or, disassortativity) between the most connected nodes(that is, the hubs) on all length scales, rendering them very dispersed. Moreimportantly, we show that a robust network comprising functional modules, suchas a cellular network, necessitates a fractal topology, suggestive of anevolutionary drive for their existence

Origins of fractality in the growth of complex networks