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Superconductivity emerges from the cuprate antiferromagnetic Mott state withhole doping. The resulting electronic structure is not understood, althoughchanges in the state of oxygen atoms appear paramount. Hole doping firstdestroys the Mott state yielding a weak insulator where electrons localize onlyat low temperatures without a full energy gap. At higher doping, the'pseudogap', a weakly conducting state with an anisotropic energy gap andintra-unit-cell breaking of 90\degree-rotational (C4v) symmetry appears.However, a direct visualization of the emergence of these phenomena withincreasing hole density has never been achieved. Here we report atomic-scaleimaging of electronic structure evolution from the weak-insulator through theemergence of the pseudogap to the superconducting state in Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2. Thespectral signature of the pseudogap emerges at lowest doping from a weaklyinsulating but C4v-symmetric matrix exhibiting a distinct spectral shape. Atslightly higher hole-density, nanoscale regions exhibiting pseudogap spectraand 180\degree-rotational (C2v) symmetry form unidirectional clusters withinthe C4v-symmetric matrix. Thus, hole-doping proceeds by the appearance ofnanoscale clusters of localized holes within which the broken-symmetrypseudogap state is stabilized. A fundamentally two-component electronicstructure11 then exists in Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2 until the C2v-symmetric clusterstouch at higher doping, and the long-range superconductivity appears.

Visualizing the emergence of the pseudogap state and the evolution to superconductivity in a lightly hole-doped Mott insulator