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Proposals to determine biomolecular structures from diffraction experimentsusing femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses involve a conflictbetween the incident brightness required to achieve diffraction-limited atomicresolution and the electronic and structural damage induced by theillumination. Here we show that previous estimates of the conditions underwhich biomolecular structures may be obtained in this manner are undulyrestrictive, because they are based on a coherent diffraction model that is notappropriate to the proposed interaction conditions. A more detailed imagingmodel derived from optical coherence theory and quantum electrodynamics isshown to be far more tolerant of electronic damage. The nuclear density isemployed as the principal descriptor of molecular structure. The foundations ofthe approach may also be used to characterize electrodynamical processes byperforming scattering experiments on complex molecules of known structure.

Biomolecular imaging and electronic damage using X-ray free-electron lasers