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Three dimensional topological insulators embody a newly discovered state ofmatter characterized by conducting spin-momentum locked surface states thatspan the bulk band gap as demonstrated via spin-resolved ARPES measurements .This highly unusual surface environment provides a rich ground for thediscovery of novel physical phenomena. Here we present the first controlledstudy of the topological insulator surfaces under strong Coulomb, magnetic anddisorder perturbations. We have used interaction of iron, with a large Coulombstate and significant magnetic moment as a probe to \textit{systematically testthe robustness} of the topological surface states of the model topologicalinsulator Bi$_2$Se$_3$. We observe that strong perturbation leads to thecreation of odd multiples of Dirac fermions and that magnetic interactionsbreak time reversal symmetry in the presence of band hybridization. We alsopresent a theoretical model to account for the altered surface of Bi$_2$Se$_3$.Taken collectively, these results are a critical guide in manipulatingtopological surfaces for probing fundamental physics or developing deviceapplications.

A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations