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Models of spherical supersonic bubble implosion in cavitating liquids   predict that it could generate temperatures and densities sufficient to   drive thermonuclear fusion(1,2). Convincing evidence for fusion is yet   to be shown, but the transient conditions generated by acoustic   cavitation are certainly extreme(3-5). There is, however, a remarkable   lack of observable data on the conditions created during bubble   collapse. Only recently has strong evidence of plasma formation been   obtained(6). Here we determine the plasma electron density,   ion-broadening parameter and degree of ionization during single-bubble   sono-luminescence as a function of acoustic driving pressure. We find   that the electron density can be controlled over four orders of   magnitude and exceed 10(21) cm(-3)-comparable to the densities produced   in laser-driven fusion experiments(7)-with effective plasma temperatures   ranging from 7,000 to more than 16,000 K. At the highest acoustic   driving force, we find that neutral Ar emission lines no longer provide   an accurate measure of the conditions in the plasma. By accounting for   the temporal profile of the sonoluminescence pulse and the potential   optical opacity of the plasma, our results suggest that the ultimate   conditions generated inside a collapsing bubble may far exceed those   determined from emission from the transparent outer region of the   light-emitting volume.

Inertially confined plasma in an imploding bubble