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In conventional superconductors, a gap exists in the energy absorptionspectrum only below the transition temperature (Tc), corresponding to theenergy price to pay for breaking a Cooper pair of electrons. In high-Tc cupratesuperconductors above Tc, an energy gap called the pseudogap exists, and iscontroversially attributed either to pre-formed superconducting pairs, whichwould exhibit particle-hole symmetry, or to competing phases which wouldtypically break it. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) studies suggest thatthe pseudogap stems from lattice translational symmetry breaking and isassociated with a different characteristic spectrum for adding or removingelectrons (particle-hole asymmetry). However, no signature of either spatial orenergy symmetry breaking of the pseudogap has previously been observed byangle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here we report ARPES datafrom Bi2201 which reveals both particle-hole symmetry breaking and dramaticspectral broadening indicative of spatial symmetry breaking without long rangeorder, upon crossing through T* into the pseudogap state. This symmetrybreaking is found in the dominant region of the momentum space for thepseudogap, around the so-called anti-node near the Brillouin zone boundary. Ourfinding supports the STM conclusion that the pseudogap state is abroken-symmetry state that is distinct from homogeneous superconductivity.

Particle-Hole Symmetry Breaking in the Pseudogap State of Bi2201