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Recent theories and experiments have suggested that strong spin-orbitcoupling effects in certain band insulators can give rise to a new phase ofquantum matter, the so-called topological insulator, which can show macroscopicentanglement effects. Such systems feature two-dimensional surface states whoseelectrodynamic properties are described not by the conventional Maxwellequations but rather by an attached axion field, originally proposed todescribe strongly interacting particles. It has been proposed that atopological insulator with a single spin-textured Dirac cone interfaced with asuperconductor can form the most elementary unit for performing fault-tolerantquantum computation. Here we present an angle-resolved photoemissionspectroscopy study and first-principle theoretical calculation-predictions thatreveal the first observation of such a topological state of matter featuring asingle-surface-Dirac-cone realized in the naturally occurring Bi$_2$Se$_3$class of materials. Our results, supported by our theoretical predictions andcalculations, demonstrate that undoped compound of this class of materials canserve as the parent matrix compound for the long-sought topological devicewhere in-plane surface carrier transport would have a purely quantumtopological origin. Our study further suggests that the undoped compoundreached via n-to-p doping should show topological transport phenomena even atroom temperature.

nature physics

Discovery (theoretical prediction and experimental observation) of a  large-gap topological-insulator class with spin-polarized single-Dirac-cone  on the surface