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Terahertz (THz) near-field imaging is a flourishing discipline [1], withapplications from fundamental studies of beam propagation [2,3] to thecharacterisation of metameterials [4,5] and waveguides [6,7]. Beating thediffraction limit typically involves rastering structures or detectors withlength scale shorter than the radiation wavelength; in the THz domain this hasbeen achieved using a number of techniques including scattering tips [8,9] andapertures [10]. Alternatively, mapping THz fields onto an optical wavelengthand imaging the visible light removes the requirement for scanning a localprobe, speeding up image collection times [11,12]. Here we report THz tooptical conversion using a gas of highly excited `Rydberg' atoms. By collectingTHz-induced optical fluorescence we demonstrate a real-time image of a THzstanding wave and we use well-known atomic properties to calibrate the THzfield strength. The mono-atomic gas does not distort the THz field and offersthe potential to immerse structures within the THz-to-optical conversionmedium.

Real-Time Near-Field Terahertz Imaging with Atomic Optical Fluorescence