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Light modulation is an essential operation in photonics and optoelectronics.With existing and emerging technologies increasingly demanding compact,efficient, fast and broadband optical modulators, high-performance lightmodulation solutions are becoming indispensable. The recent realization thattwo-dimensional layered materials could modulate light with superiorperformance has prompted intense research and significant advances, paving theway for realistic applications. In this review, we cover the state-of-the-artof optical modulators based on two-dimensional layered materials includinggraphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus. We discussrecent advances employing hybrid structures, such as two-dimensionalheterostructures, plasmonic structures, and silicon/fibre integratedstructures. We also take a look at future perspectives and discuss thepotential of yet relatively unexplored mechanisms such as magneto-optic andacousto-optic modulation.

Optical modulators with two-dimensional layered materials