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Collective measurements can project a system into an entangled state withenhanced sensitivity for measuring a quantum phase, but measurement back-actionhas limited previous efforts to only modest improvements. Here we use acollective measurement to produce and directly observe, with no backgroundsubtraction, an entangled, spin-squeezed state with phase resolution improvedin variance by a factor of 10.5(1.5), or 10.2(6) dB, compared to the initiallyunentangled ensemble of N = 4.8 x 10^5 87Rb atoms. The measurement uses acavity-enhanced probe of an optical cycling transition to mitigate back-actionassociated with state-changing transitions induced by the probe. This workestablishes collective measurements as a powerful technique for generatingentanglement for precision measurement, with potential impacts in biologicalsensing, communication, navigation, and tests of fundamental physics.

Reduced back-action for phase sensitivity 10 times beyond the standard quantum limit