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Dissipative solitons can emerge in a wide variety of dissipative nonlinearsystems throughout the fields of optics, medicine or biology. Dissipativesolitons can also exist in Kerr-nonlinear optical resonators and rely on thedouble balance between parametric gain and resonator loss on the one hand andnonlinearity and diffraction or dispersion on the other hand. Mathematicallythese solitons are solution to the Lugiato-Lefever equation and exist on top ofa continuous wave (cw) background. Here we report the observation of temporaldissipative solitons in a high-Q optical microresonator. The solitons arespontaneously generated when the pump laser is tuned through the effective zerodetuning point of a high-Q resonance, leading to an effective red-detunedpumping. Red-detuned pumping marks a fundamentally new operating regime innonlinear microresonators. While usually unstablethis regime acquires uniquestability in the presence of solitons without any active feedback on thesystem. The number of solitons in the resonator can be controlled via the pumplaser detuning and transitions to and between soliton states are associatedwith discontinuous steps in the resonator transmission. Beyond enabling tostudy soliton physics such as soliton crystals our observations open the routetowards compact, high repetition-rate femto-second sources, where the operatingwavelength is not bound to the availability of broadband laser gain media. Thesingle soliton states correspond in the frequency domain to low-noise opticalfrequency combs with smooth spectral envelopes, critical to applications inbroadband spectroscopy, telecommunications, astronomy and low phase-noisemicrowave generation.

Temporal solitons in optical microresonators