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In the diffusive transport of waves in three dimensional media, there shouldbe a phase transition with increasing disorder to a state where no transportoccurs. This transition was first discussed by Anderson in 1958 in the contextof the metal insulator transition, but as was realized later it is generic forall waves . However, the quest for the experimental demonstration of "Anderson"or "strong" localization of waves in 3D has been a challenging task. Forelectrons and cold atoms, the challenge lies in the possibility of bound statesin a disordered potential well. Therefore, electromagnetic and acoustic waveshave been the prime candidates for the observation of Anderson localization.The main challenge using light lies in the distinction between effects ofabsorption and localization. Here we present measurements of thetime-dependence of the transverse width of the intensity distribution of thetransmitted waves, which provides a direct measure of the localization lengthand is independent of absorption. From this we find direct evidence for alocalization transition in three dimensions and determine the correspondinglocalization lengths.

Direct determination of the transition to localization of light in three dimensions