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Advances in the development of free-electron lasers offer the realisticprospect of high-resolution imaging to study the nanoworld on the time-scale ofatomic motions. We identify X-ray Fourier Transform holography, (FTH) as apromising but, so far, inefficient scheme to do this. We show that a uniformlyredundant array (URA) placed next to the sample, multiplies the efficiency ofX-ray FTH by more than one thousand (approaching that of a perfect lens) andprovides holographic images with both amplitude- and phase-contrastinformation. The experiments reported here demonstrate this concept by imaginga nano-fabricated object at a synchrotron source, and a bacterial cell at asoft X-ray free-electron-laser, where illumination by a single 15 fs pulse wassuccessfully used in producing the holographic image. We expect with upcominghard X-ray lasers to achieve considerably higher spatial resolution and toobtain ultrafast movies of excited states of matter.

Ultrafast, ultrabright, X-ray holography using a uniformly-redundant array