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The motion of massless Dirac-electrons in graphene mimics the propagation ofphotons. This makes it possible to control the charge-carriers with componentsbased on geometrical-optics and has led to proposals for an all-grapheneelectron-optics platform. An open question arising from the possibility ofreducing the component-size to the nanometer-scale is how to access andunderstand the transition from optical-transport to quantum-confinement. Herewe report on the realization of a circular p-n junction that can becontinuously tuned from the nanometer-scale, where quantum effects aredominant, to the micrometer scale where optical-guiding takes over. We findthat in the nanometer-scale junction electrons are trapped in states thatresemble atomic-collapse at a supercritical charge. As the junction-sizeincreases, the transition to optical-guiding is signaled by the emergence ofwhispering-gallery modes and Fabry-Perot interference. The creation of tunablejunctions that straddle the crossover between quantum-confinement andoptical-guiding, paves the way to novel design-architectures for controllingelectronic transport.

Tuning a Circular p-n Junction in Graphene from Quantum Confinement to Optical Guiding