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Einstein realised that the fluctuations of a Brownian particle can be used toascertain properties of its environment. A large number of experiments havesince exploited the Brownian motion of colloidal particles for studies ofdissipative processes, providing insight into soft matter physics, and leadingto applications from energy harvesting to medical imaging. Here we useoptically levitated nanospheres that are heated to investigate thenon-equilibrium properties of the gas surrounding them. Analysing the sphere'sBrownian motion allows us to determine the temperature of the centre-of-massmotion of the sphere, its surface temperature and the heated gas temperature intwo spatial dimensions. We observe asymmetric heating of the sphere and gas,with temperatures reaching the melting point of the material. This methodoffers new opportunities for accurate temperature measurements with spatialresolution on the nanoscale, and a new means for testing non-equilibriumthermodynamics

Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphere