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Superlattices are artificial periodic nanostructures which can control theflow of electrons. Their operation typically relies on the periodic modulationof the electric potential in the direction of electron wave propagation. Herewe demonstrate transparent graphene superlattices which can manipulate infraredphotons utilizing the collective oscillations of carriers, i.e., plasmons ofthe ensemble of multiple graphene layers. The superlattice is formed bydepositing alternating wafer-scale graphene sheets and thin insulating layers,followed by patterning them all together into 3-dimensionalphotonic-crystal-like structures. We demonstrate experimentally that thecollective oscillation of Dirac fermions in such graphene superlattices isunambiguously nonclassical: compared to doping single layer graphene,distributing carriers into multiple graphene layers strongly enhances theplasmonic resonance frequency and magnitude, which is fundamentally differentfrom that in a conventional semiconductor superlattice. This property allows usto construct widely tunable far-infrared notch filters with 8.2 dB rejectionratio and terahertz linear polarizers with 9.5 dB extinction ratio, using asuperlattice with merely five graphene atomic layers. Moreover, an unpatternedsuperlattice shields up to 97.5% of the electromagnetic radiations below 1.2terahertz. This demonstration also opens an avenue for the realization of othertransparent mid- and far-infrared photonic devices such as detectors,modulators, and 3-dimensional meta-material systems.

Manipulating infrared photons using plasmons in transparent graphene superlattices