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Horizontal gene transfer from retroviruses to mammals is well documented and extensive, but is rare between unrelated viruses with distinct genome types. Three herpesviruses encode a gene with similarity to a retroviral superantigen gene ( sag ) of the unrelated mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). We uncover ancient retroviral  sags  in over 20 mammals to reconstruct their shared history with herpesviral  sags , revealing that the acquisition is a convergent evolutionary event. A retrovirus circulating in South American primates over 10 million years ago was the source of  sag  in two monkey herpesviruses, and a different retrovirus was the source of  sag  in a Peruvian rodent herpesvirus. We further show through a timescaled phylogenetic analysis that a cross-species transmission of monkey herpesviruses occurred after the acquisition of  sag . These results reveal that a diverse range of ancient  sag- containing retroviruses independently donated  sag  twice from two separate lineages that are distinct from MMTV.

Convergent capture of retroviral superantigens by mammalian herpesviruses