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Organic light-emitting diodes have been recently focused for flexible display and solid-state lighting applications and so much effort has been devoted to achieve highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes. Here, we improve the efficiency of inverted polymer light-emitting diodes by introducing a spontaneously formed ripple-shaped nanostructure of &#8203;ZnO and applying an amine-based polar solvent treatment to the nanostructure of &#8203;ZnO. The nanostructure of the &#8203;ZnO layer improves the extraction of the waveguide modes inside the device structure, and a &#8203;2-ME+&#8203;EA interlayer enhances the electron injection and hole blocking in addition to reducing exciton quenching between the polar-solvent-treated &#8203;ZnO and the emissive layer. Therefore, our optimized inverted polymer light-emitting diodes have a luminous efficiency of 61.6&#8201;cd&#8201;A&#8722;1 and an external quantum efficiency of 17.8%, which are the highest efficiency values among polymer-based fluorescent light-emitting diodes that contain a single emissive layer.close

Highly efficient inverted polymer light-emitting diodes using surface modifications of ZnO layer